Comparative study of surgical effects on patients with mixed deafness and otosclerosis with different air bone conduction differences / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective: To analyze the surgical efficacy of patients with mixed hearing loss and otosclerosis with different air bone gap (ABG) before surgery, and to provide reference for the prognosis evaluation of otosclerosis surgery. Methods: The clinical data of 108 cases(116 ears) of otosclerosis who had undergone stapes fenestration technique artificial stapes implantation in Xiangya Hospital of Central South University from November 2013 to May 2020 and had mixed hearing loss before surgery were collected, including 71 women(76 ears)and 37 men (40 ears), with an average age of 38.5 years. According to preoperative pure tone audiometry ABG, they were divided into three groups: group S, 15 dB≤ABG<31 dB, a total of 39 ears; group M, 31 dB≤ABG<46 dB, a total of 58 ears; and group L, ABG≥46 dB, 19 ears in total. The hearing outcomes of three groups of patients at 6-12 months after surgery were compared and analyzed using SPSS 24.0 statistical software. Results: A total of 3 patients (group S: 2 cases; group L: 1 case) experienced severe sensorineural hearing loss after surgery and were not included in the statistical analysis. After surgery, the pure tone hearing threshold of patients with otosclerosis in each group was significantly improved compared to before surgery, with an average air conduction threshold improvement of(21.6±13.4) dB. The difference between before and after surgery was statistically significant(t=17.13, P<0.01). The average bone conduction threshold improved by(3.7±7.6) dB, and the difference was statistically significant before and after surgery(t=5.20, P<0.01). The postoperative ABG was(18.3±9.3) dB, which was significantly reduced compared to preoperative(36.2±8.6)dB. Among the three groups of patients, the L group had the highest improvement in air conduction threshold[(29.9±10.8)dB], while the S group had the lowest improvement[(15.7±11.4)dB]. There was no statistically significant difference in post operative pure tone hearing thresholds between the three groups(P>0.05). The postoperative ABG in group S was the smallest[(16.5±9.0)dB], while in group L, the postoperative ABG was the largest[(20.5±10.0)dB]. Compared with group S, group M and group L still had a large residual ABG at 2 000 Hz after surgery. The bone conduction threshold of both S and M groups improved to some extent after surgery compared to before (P<0.01). Conclusions: Surgery can benefit patients with mixed hearing loss and otosclerosis with different preoperative ABG. Patients with small preoperative ABG have better surgical results and ideal ABG closure at all frequencies after surgery. Patients with large preoperative ABG can significantly increase the gas conduction threshold during surgery, but certain frequencies of ABG may still be left behind after surgery. The improvement effect of surgery on bone conduction threshold is not significant. Patients should be informed of treatment methods such as hearing aids based on their actual situation for selection.

Experiencia en estapedostomías en Hospital del Salvador entre 2012 y 2018 / Stapedotomy experience at Hospital del Salvador between 2012 and 2018

INTRODUCCIÓN: La otoesclerosis es una enfermedad de presumible origen metabólico que determina la fijación de la cadena osicular. La estapedostomía con instalación de prótesis es la cirugía de elección en la actualidad para esta patología. OBJETIVO: Describir experiencia y resultados del tratamiento quirúrgico de pacientes con otoesclerosis en el Hospital del Salvador entre los años 2012 y 2018. Material y método: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo mediante revisión de fichas clínicas de pacientes intervenidos quirúrgicamente en nuestro servicio desde enero de 2012 hasta septiembre de 2018 con sospecha de otoesclerosis. RESULTADOS: Se realizaron en total 52 cirugías a 45 pacientes, 40 vía microscópica, 10 vía endoscópica y 2 mixtas, se utilizaron dos modelos de prótesis, Schuknecht - type piston and wire y Stapes-Prothesen. El promedio tonal puro (PTP) por vía aérea prequirúrgico fue de 65 dB, con una diferencia ósea-aérea (gap) promedio de 36 dB. El PTP promedio posquirúrgico fue de 35 dB con gap promedio de 9 dB, logrando en promedio una mejoría de 31 dB en la vía aérea y 27 dB de cierre de gap. El 92% de los pacientes intervenidos lograron mejoría con respecto al gap posoperatorio. CONCLUSIÓN: La estapedostomía es una intervención que si bien no está exenta de complicaciones, ha demostrado ser segura y tener buenos resultados auditivos en la mayoría de los pacientes.

INTRODUCTION: Otosclerosis is a presumable metabolic disease that determines ossicular chain fixation. Stapedotomy with prosthesis installation is the surgery of choice for this pathology at present. AIM: To describe the experience and results of the surgical treatment of patients with otosclerosis in the Hospital del Salvador between 2012 and 2018. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Clinical records were reviewed of patients treated surgically in our department from January 2012 to September 2018 with suspicion of otosclerosis. RESULTS: A total of 52 surgeries were performed in 45 patients, 42 via microscopy and 10 via endoscopy, two models of prostheses were used Schuknecht - type piston and wire y Stapes-Prothesen. The pure tonal average (PTP) by pre-surgical air was 65 dB, with an average air gap (gap) of 36 dB. The average post-surgical PTP was 35 dB with an average gap of 9 db, achieving on average an improvement of 31 dB in the airway and 27 dB of gap closure. 92% of the patients who underwent surgery improved with respect to the postoperative gap. CONCLUSION: The stapedotomy is an intervention that although not free of complications, has been shown to be safe and have good hearing results in most patients.

Resultados auditivos del tratamiento quirúrgico de la otoesclerosis en el departamento de otorrinolaringología de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile / Auditory results of surgical treatment of otosclerosis in the department of otolaryngology of the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile

RESUMEN Introducción: La otoesclerosis representa la causa de hipoacusia de conducción más común en adultos jóvenes. Las opciones de tratamiento incluyen amplificación mediante audífonos o resolución quirúrgica a través de cirugías como estapedectomía total o parcial, estapedostomía o implante coclear. Objetivo: Describir los resultados del tratamiento quirúrgico de la otoesclerosis en el Departamento de Otorrinolaringología del Hospital Clínico de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile entre los años 1999 y 2018. Material y método: Se realizó un estudio de cohorte no concurrente con revisión de fichas clínicas y protocolos operatorios de pacientes atendidos en nuestro centro. Se registraron y analizaron las características biodemográficas de los pacientes, técnicas quirúrgicas, resultados auditivos, complicaciones, necesidad de reintervención y uso de audífono. Resultados: De un total de 78 pacientes sometidos a estapedectomía parcial (platinectomía parcial) o estapedostomía se incluyeron finalmente 37 quienes tenían datos clínicos completos, lo que corresponde al 47,4% del total. En ambos tipos de cirugía el promedio de gap óseo-aéreo varió de 30,8 dB en el preoperatorio a 13,9 dB en el posoperatorio lo cual es estadísticamente significativo. El promedio de variación de la vía aérea, éste fue mayor en el grupo de pacientes operados de estapedostomía, sin existir diferencias estadísticamente significativas al realizar test no paramétricos. Conclusión: Las características demográficas y los resultados auditivos obtenidos en nuestro centro son comparables con los descritos en la literatura. No existen diferencias significativas en cuanto al tipo de cirugía y la frecuencia y tipo de complicaciones, aunque se observan mejores resultados auditivos en los pacientes operados de estapedostomía.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Otosclerosis represents the most common cause of hearing loss in young adults. Treatment options include amplification with hearing aids or surgical resolution with surgeries such as total and partial stapedectomy, stapedostomy or cochlear implant. Aim: To describe the results of the surgical treatment of otosclerosis in the Otorhinolaryngology Department of the Clinical Hospital of the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile between the years 1999 and 2018 Material and method: A non-concurrent cohort study was performed with review of clinical files and operative protocols of patients seen in our center. The biodemographic characteristics of the patients, surgical techniques, auditory results, complications, need for reoperation and use of hearing aid were recorded and analyzed. Results: Of a total of 78 patients undergoing partial stapedectomy or stapedostomy, 37 were finally included, who had complete clinical data, which corresponds to 47.4% of the total. In both types of surgery, the average bone-air gap varied from 30.8 dB in the preoperative to 13.9 dB in the postoperative period, which is statistically significant. Regarding the average of variation of the airway, this was higher in the group of patients operated by stapedostomy without statistically significant differences when performing nonparametric tests. Conclusion: The demographic characteristics and the auditory results obtained in our center are comparable with those described in the literature. There are no significant differences in the type of surgery and the frequency and type of complications, although better hearing results are observed in patients operated by stapedostomy.

Degree of tinnitus improvement with stapes surgery - a review / Grau de melhora do zumbido com estapedectomia - uma revisão

Abstract Introduction Otospongiosis is temporal bone osteodystrophy, characterized by disordered bone resorption and neoformation in genetically predisposed individuals. Clinically, otospongiosis is characterized by progressive conductive and/or mixed hearing loss and by tinnitus. Objective A review of the last two decades of publications that report the degree of tinnitus improvement with stapes surgery. Methods 125 articles published in the last 20 years mentioning the relationship between otosclerosis and tinnitus. Literature has always shown that the hearing improvement after stapes surgery was the main result sought and found. However, recent articles has reinforced the need for surgery for the tinnitus improvement. The ideal time to assess tinnitus through different scales is in the sixth month post-operative. The estimated average hearing improvement is 93% and tinnitus is 85.52%. Results Summaries of 12 articles were reviewed which fulfilled the search criteria of the survey, and 8 studies were included in the study according the selection criteria. This studies investigating the degree of tinnitus improvement with stapes surgery, using different scales as: tinnitus functional index, visual analog scale, tinnitus functional index and visual analog scale, visual analog scale and "questionnaire asking about tinnitus", Newman's method and Tinnitus Score Advocated by the Japan Audiological Society. The total of the samples of the evaluated articles was of 254 participants. Conclusion We conclude that stapes surgery is effective for the treatment of tinnitus (average improvement is 85.52%), and hearing loss (average improvement is 93%). When deciding about the surgical indication in patients with otosclerosis, the presence and level tinnitus should be considered as well as the level of hearing.

Resumo Introdução A otosclerose é uma osteodistrofia do osso temporal, caracterizada pela reabsorção e neoformação óssea desordenadas em indivíduos geneticamente predispostos. Clinicamente, a otosclerose é caracterizada por perda auditiva progressiva condutiva e/ou mista e por zumbido. Objetivo Uma revisão das últimas duas décadas de publicações que relatam o grau de melhora do zumbido com a estapedectomia. Método Foram analisados 125 artigos publicados nos últimos 20 anos que mencionavam a relação entre otosclerose e zumbido. A literatura sempre mostrou a melhoria auditiva como principal objetivo e resultado da estapedectomia. No entanto, artigos recentes reforçaram a necessidade de cirurgia para a melhoria do zumbido. O momento ideal para avaliar o zumbido através de diferentes escalas é no sexto mês pós-operatório. A melhoria auditiva média estimada é de 93% e a do zumbido, de 85,52%. Resultados Foram revisados resumos de 12 artigos que preencheram os critérios de pesquisa, foram incluídos no estudo 8 artigos de acordo com os critérios de seleção. Este estudo investiga o grau de melhora do zumbido com a estapedectomia, utilizando diferentes escalas: tinnitus functional index, escala visual analógica, tinnitus functional index e escala visual analógica, escala visual analógica e "questionário sobre o zumbido", método de Newman e o Tinnitus Score Advocated, da Sociedade Audiológica do Japão (Japan Audiological Society). O total das amostras dos artigos avaliados foi de 254 participantes. Conclusão Concluímos que a estapedectomia é bastante eficaz no tratamento do zumbido (melhoria média de 85,52%) e perda auditiva (melhoria média de 93%). Ao decidir sobre a indicação cirúrgica em pacientes com otosclerose, a presença e o nível de zumbido devem ser considerados, assim como o nível de audição.

Does stapes surgery improve tinnitus in patients with otosclerosis? / A estapedotomia melhora o zumbido em pacientes com otosclerose?

Abstract Introduction: Otosclerosis (OS) is the primary disease of the human temporal bone characterized by conductive hearing loss and tinnitus. The exact pathogenesis of tinnitus in otosclerosis patients is not known and factors affecting the tinnitus outcome in otosclerosis patients are still controversial. Objectives: To find the effect of stapedotomy on tinnitus for otosclerosis patients. Methods: Fifty-six otosclerosis patients with preoperative tinnitus were enrolled to the study. Pure tone average Air-Bone Gap values, preoperative tinnitus pitch, Air-Bone Gap closure at tinnitus frequencies were evaluated for their effect on the postoperative outcome. Results: Low pitch tinnitus had more favorable outcome compared to high pitch tinnitus (p = 0.002). Postoperative average pure tone thresholds Air-Bone Gap values were not related to the postoperative tinnitus (p = 0.213). There was no statistically significant difference between postoperative Air-Bone Gap closure at tinnitus frequency and improvement of high pitch tinnitus (p = 0.427). There was a statistically significant difference between Air-Bone Gap improvement in tinnitus frequency and low pitch tinnitus recovery (p = 0.026). Conclusion: Low pitch tinnitus is more likely to be resolved after stapedotomy for patients with otosclerosis. High pitch tinnitus may not resolve even after closure of the Air-Bone Gap at tinnitus frequencies.

Resumo Introdução: Otosclerose (OS) é a principal doença do osso temporal humano caracterizada por perda auditiva condutiva e zumbido. A patogenia exata do zumbido em pacientes com otosclerose não é conhecida e fatores que afetam o desfecho de zumbido em pacientes com otosclerose ainda são controversos. Objetivos: Encontrar o efeito da estapedotomia sobre o zumbido em pacientes com otosclerose. Método: Foram incluídos no estudo 56 pacientes com otosclerose com zumbido pré-operatório. Os valores médios tonais do gap aero-ósseo, o tom de zumbido no pré-operatório, o fechamento do gap nas frequências dos zumbidos foram avaliados quanto ao seu efeito sobre o desfecho pós-operatório. Resultados: O zumbido em tom grave teve desfecho mais favorável em comparação com o zumbido agudo (p = 0,002). Os valores médios dos gaps pós-operatórios não foram relacionados com o zumbido pós-operatório (p = 0,213). Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre o fechamento pós-operatório do gap na frequência do zumbido e melhoria do zumbido de tom agudo (p = 0,427). Houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre a melhoria no gap nas frequências do zumbido e recuperação do zumbido de tom mais grave (p = 0,026). Conclusão: O zumbido de tom mais grave parece ser mais bem resolvido depois de estapedotomia em pacientes com otosclerose. O zumbido de tom agudo pode não desaparecer, mesmo após o fechamento do gap nas frequências do zumbido.

Estapedostomía endoscópica: experiencia en el Hospital del Salvador / Endoscopic Stapedotomy: experience at the Hospital del Salvador

Introducción: La otoesclerosis es una enfermedad metabólica, localizada y primaria del hueso de la cápsula ótica y la cadena osicular. Produce fijación de la cadena y consecuente hipoacusia de conducción. Objetivo: El objetivo del presente trabajo es mostrar la estapedostomía endoscópica como alternativa quirúrgica, y comparar sus resultados con la estapedostomía microscópica. Material y método: Estudio restrospectivo de revisión de fichas clínicas de pacientes intervenidos quirúrgicamente en nuestro servicio desde enero de 2012 hasta de junio de 2014 con sospecha de otoesclerosis. Se obtuvieron un total de 35 pacientes operados, 25 vía microscópica y 10 vía endoscópica. Resultados: El tiempo operatorio promedio fue de 60 y 85 minutos para microscópica y endoscópica, respectivamente. El cierre de diferencia óseo aérea (gap), a los 2 meses, fue de 100% para endoscópica y de 92% para microscópica. Un paciente vía endoscópica y 2 pacientes vía microscópica presentaron disgeusia. Conclusiones: La estapedostomía endoscópica es una alternativa quirúrgica ya que permite una excelente visión y comprensión de la anatomía. Su mayor utilidad es que permite trabajar con mejor exposición en conductos auditivos externos (CAE) estrechos y angulados. También contribuye a disminuir el fresado del CAE con menor daño de la cuerda del tímpano. Sus resultados auditivos son comparables con la técnica con microscopio.

Introduction: Otosclerosis is a metabolic bone disease of the otic capsule and the ossicles. It is a primary disease that may cause fixation of the stape and conductive hearing loss. Aim: To show endoscopic stapedotomy as a surgical alternative, and to compare the results with the stapedotomy using microscope. Material and method: Clinical records were reviewed of patients treated surgically in our department from January 2012 to June 2014 with suspected otosclerosis. 35 patients were obtained, 25 using microscope and 10 using only endoscope. Results: Average operative time was 60 and 85 minutes to microscopic and endoscopic group respectively. Air-bone gap closureat 2 months was 100% for endoscopic and 92% for microscopic surgery. One patient of endoscopic surgery and two patients of microscopic surgery presented postsurgical dysgeusia. Conclusions: Endoscopic stapedotomyis a surgical alternative as it allows an excellent vision and understanding of anatomy; it can be performeddespite a curved and narrow external auditory canal (EAC), with a better exposure. It also helps to reduce the milling of EAC with less damage to the chorda tympani. Hearing result is comparable to the microscope surgery.

Avaliação audiométrica após estapedotomia com prótese de titânio do tipo Fisch / Audiometric evaluation after stapedotomy with Fisch titanium prosthesis

Otosclerose é uma doença que provoca fixação do estribo, levando à perda auditiva tipicamente condutiva, corrigida com aparelhos auditivos ou cirurgia de estapedotomia, substituindo o estribo doente por uma prótese. O material mais recentemente utilizado é o titânio e no Brasil há apenas duas próteses comercialmente disponíveis. A prótese de pistão tipo Fisch, da Storz, não possui resultados relatados na literatura. OBJETIVO: Estudo retrospectivo avaliando resultado auditivo após estapedotomia com uso desta prótese. MÉTODO: Usando critérios da Academia Americana de Otorrinolaringologia, comparou-se o gap nas audiometrias pré e pós-operatórias, avaliando-se melhora auditiva. RESULTADOS: O gap pós-operatório em baixas frequências teve média de 12,9 dB, em altas frequências de 5,2 dB (média 9,1 dB), mediana 8,8 dB, mínimo 1,3 dB e máximo 21,6 dB, desvio padrão 5,7 e p < 0,001. Dividindo o resultado conforme o gap pós-operatório a cada 10 dB, em 25 pacientes (75,8%) foi < ou igual a 10 dB, em 32 pacientes (96,9%) foi < ou igual a 20 dB, em 100% dos casos foi < ou igual a 30 dB. CONCLUSÃO: Prótese de pistão tipo Fisch apresenta resultados compatíveis com a literatura, podendo ser usada com segurança como mais uma boa opção para estapedotomia.

Otosclerosis causes the fixation of the stapes and conductive hearing loss, usually corrected with the use of hearing aids or through stapedotomy and the replacement of the involved stapes with a prosthesis. Titanium has been the most recently used material of choice in stapedotomy prostheses. Only two prostheses are commercially available in Brazil. There are no reports in the literature on the Fisch-type Storz titanium stapes piston prosthesis. OBJECTIVE: This retrospective study aims to look into the auditory outcomes of patients submitted to stapedotomy and titanium stapes piston prosthesis implantation. METHOD: The criteria described by the American Academy of Otolaryngology were used to compare pre and postoperative air-bone gaps seen in audiometry tests. RESULTS: The mean low-frequency postoperative air-bone gap was 12.9 dB; the mean high-frequency air-bone gap was 5.2 dB (mean 9.1 dB); median gap was 8.8 dB, with a minimum of 1.3 dB and a maximum of 21.6 dB; standard deviation was 5.7 dB, and p < 0.001. Twenty-five (75.8%) patients had air-bone gaps of 10 dB and under; 32 (96.9%) patients had gaps of 20 dB and under; and all patients had gaps of 30 dB and under. CONCLUSION: The Fisch-type titanium stapes piston prosthesis presented outcomes consistent with the literature and can be used safely in stapedotomy procedures.

Outcome of management of otosclerosis by stapedotomy compared to stapedectomy in a Jordanian population

To study the success results rates and complications of stapedotomy compared to stapedectomy in the operative management of otosclerosis. This is a retrospective study of 50 patients who were treated surgically for otosclerosis. The medical records of these patients were reviewed for the type of operation performed, complications and the serial pure tune audiometries pre- and postoperatively for at least one year. Patients with conductive hearing loss not due to otosclerosis were excluded from this study. The medical records of equal number of patients [25 patients with stapedotomy and 25 patients with stapedectomy] were analysed for hearing improvement or loss, postoperative nausea, vomiting, vertigo, nystagmus, perilymph fistula, reparative granuloma, labyrinthitis, tinnitus and perforation of the tympanic membrane All operations were performed by the senior consultant-otologists of our department. Stapes superstructures were removed by crural scissors and stapes footplate was perforated by microdrill. Out of 25 patients with stapedotomy, 22 [88%] developed complete closure [

Resultados a longo prazo da cirurgia da otosclerose / Long term outcome of otosclerosis surgery

O tratamento da otosclerose é preferencialmente cirúrgico e consiste na estapedotomia/estapedectomia, cujos bons resultados imediatos estão bem documentados. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar os resultados audiométricos da cirurgia da otosclerose a longo prazo. Desenho: Estudo retrospectivo. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Incluíram-se os doentes submetidos à estapedotomia/estapedectomia parcial no nosso Serviço e melhoria da audição pós-operatória comprovada. Convocaram-se os doentes para reavaliação audiométrica e compareceram 41 (47 ouvidos). Compararam-se os valores obtidos com os prévios à cirurgia e do pós-operatório imediato. RESULTADOS: A mediana do seguimento tardio foi de 11 anos. Nesta data, 49% dos doentes tinham audição normal ou um grau de hipoacusia ligeira. Os valores médios dos PTA (Pure Tone Average) aéreo e ósseo, pré, pós e pós-operatório tardio foram 64,4 e 27,0 dB, 35,6 e 22,3 dB e 44,1 e 29,5 dB, respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: A cirurgia da otosclerose tem bons resultados a longo prazo porque, apesar do agravamento dos limiares, o grau de hipoacusia, 10 anos depois, é inferior ao pré-operatório.

The treatment of otosclerosis is eminently surgical. Good immediate results have been well documented when stapedotomy or stapedectomy are chosen. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to assess long term audiometric performance after otosclerosis surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: this retrospective study enrolled stapedotomy and partial stapedectomy patients seen at our service with proven hearing improvement after surgery. Forty-one patients (47 ears) accepted the invitation to be reassessed. Audiometry results before and immediately after surgery were compared. RESULTS: the median late follow-up was 11 years. To this date, 49% of the patients had normal hearing or mild dysacusis. Preoperative, postoperative, and late postoperative bone and air pure tone averages were 64.4 and 27.0 dB, 35.6 and 22.3 dB, and 44.1 and 29.5 dB respectively. CONCLUSION: Otosclerosis surgery offers good long term results. Despite the worsening of thresholds, the level of hypacusis ten years after surgery is lower than the levels observed before surgery.

Estapedotomia totalmente endoscópica: técnica e resultados preliminares / Fully endoscopic stapes surgery (stapedotomy): technique and preliminary results

Estapedotomias são realizadas atualmente com o auxílio de microscópios cirúrgicos. Entretanto, o uso do microscópio possui algumas limitações, podendo causar algumas complicações, como lesão no nervo corda do tímpano. Há poucos casos e nenhuma série publicada sobre a utilização de endoscópios nasossinusais na realização de estapedotomias. OBJETIVOS: a) Investigar o uso do endoscópio nasossinusal em estapedotomias, com foco na visualização de estruturas importantes. b) Mostrar os resultados iniciais, discutindo as possíveis vantagens e desvantagens deste instrumento. METODOLOGIA: 15 pacientes com otosclerose foram selecionados para realizar estapedotomias em 2010. Os dados e vídeo cirúrgico foram analisados retrospectivamente (estudo de série de casos). As condições anatômicas do nicho da janela oval e passos cirúrgicos foram descritos para avaliar possíveis benefícios do procedimento endoscópico. RESULTADOS: As cirurgias foram realizadas exclusivamente com endoscópios e todas as estruturas com relevância anatômica, visualizadas sem maiores dificuldades. Nenhuma complicação foi observada e 14 dos 15 pacientes referiram melhora auditiva, confirmada com exames audiológicos pós-operatórios. CONCLUSÃO: Estapedotomias totalmente endoscópicas são tecnicamente viáveis, seguras e promissoras. Nesta pequena série as principais vantagens foram: praticamente nenhum trauma no nervo corda do tímpano e excelente campo de visão. As desvantagens foram falta de visão estereoscópica, trabalho unimanual e curva de aprendizado.

Stapedotomies are perfomed with the aid of surgical microscopes. However, the microscope has some limitations and may cause complications such as damage to the chorda tympani nerve. There are just a few cases and no series published on the use of sino-nasal endoscopes in stapedotomies. OBJECTIVES: a) To investigate the feasibility of using sino-nasal endoscopes in stapedotomies, focusing on the visualization of important structures. b) To show initial results, discuss possible advantages and disadvantages of this instrument. METHODS: 15 patients with otosclerosis were selected to undergo stapedotomies in 2010. The data and surgery videos were analyzed retrospectively (study case series). The anatomical conditions of the oval window niche and surgical steps were described and used to assess possible benefits of such procedures. RESULTS: The surgeries were performed with endoscopes only and all relevant anatomical structures were visualized without difficulty. No complications were observed and 14 of the 15 patients reported improvement of their hearing, confirmed by postoperative audiological tests. CONCLUSION: Totally endoscopic stapes surgeries are technically feasible, safe and promising. In this small series, the main advantages were: virtually no trauma to the chorda tympani nerve and excellent vision. The disadvantages were the lack of stereoscopic vision, having to work with one hand only and the learning curve.

Resultados auditivos y hallazgos quirúrgicos en pacientes con cirugía bilateral por otoesclerosis / Audiological outcome and surgical findings in patients with bilateral surgery for otosclerosis

Introducción: A pesar de las ventajas de la audición biaural, el manejo quirúrgico del segundo oído en pacientes con otoesclerosis bilateral fue por años un tema controversial debido a su riesgo potencial de hipoacusia sensorioneural. Objetivo: Describir los resultados audiológicos y quirúrgicos en pacientes operados bilateralmente por otoesclerosis en nuestro hospital entre 1988-2011. Material y método: Estudio retrospectivo de 56 pacientes en quienes se realizó cirugía de otoesclerosis en ambos oídos, mediante revisión de fichas clínicas. Resultados: En 13,5 por ciento de 415 pacientes se realizó cirugía bilateral. La edad promedio fue 44,2 +/- 7,7 (hombres) y 42,0 +/- 10,4 años (mujeres). La mejoría de los umbrales auditivos aéreos promedios en la primera y segunda cirugía fue de 33,6y 29,2 dB respectivamente, mientras que la de los umbrales óseos fue de 7,0y 3,0 dB correspondientemente. Las dificultades quirúrgicas para la primera y segunda cirugía fueron, respectivamente: platina flotante 0 por ciento y 2,5° por ciento, platina obliterada 5,4 por ciento y 5,1 por ciento, nicho profundo 5,4 por ciento y 0 por ciento, facial proscidente 38,5 por ciento y 43,2 por ciento, facial dehiscente 18,2 por ciento y 13,8 por ciento y sección de cuerda del tímpano 2 por ciento y 5,7 por ciento. Discusión: Los resultados auditivos del segundo oído son comparables a los de la primera cirugía. Esto, junto a la ausencia de complicaciones significativas, apoya la realización de intervenciones quirúrgicas bilaterales en otoesclerosis. Conclusión: La cirugía del segundo oído en hipoacusia bilateral por otoesclerosis es una alternativa segura y confiable.

Introduction: Despite the advantages of binaural hearing, surgical management of the second ear in patients with bilateral otosclerosis was for years a controversial topic due to the risk of sensorineural hearing loss. Aim: To describe the surgical and audiological results of patients with bilateral surgeries for otosclerosis in our hospital between 1988-2011. Material and method: Retrospective study based on clinical charts revision. Results: 13.5 percent of the 415 patients underwent bilateral surgery. The average age was 44.2 +/- 7.7 (men) and 42.0 +/- 10.4 years (women). There was a 33.6 dB improvement in average air-conduction hearing thresholds in the first surgery and 29.2 dB for the second, while the mean bone-conduction improved 7.0 and 3.0 dB for the first and second surgery correspondingly. The surgical difficulties found in the first and second surgeries were, respectively: floating platens 0 percent and 2.5 percent, obliterated platens 5.4 percent and 5.1 percent, deep niche 5.4 percent and 0 percent, facial overhang 38.5 percent and 43.2 percent, dehiscent facial 18.2 percent and 13.8 percent and chorda tympani section 2 percent and 5.7 percent. Discussion: Hearing results for the second ear were comparable to the first surgery. This, together with the absence of significant complications, supports a bilateral surgical approach. Conclusion: Surgery of the second ear in bilateral hypoacusia due to otosclerosis has proven to be a safe and reliable alternative.

Revisión de la experiencia clínica en el manejo quirúrgico de la otoesclerosis / Revision of clinical experience in the surgical management of otosclerosis

Introduction: Otosclerosis is a disease that produces a conductive hearing loss. It consists of an abnormal bone growth called otospongiosis that develops a stapes fixation. It is a hereditary disease but the specific cause is unknown. Its surgical management has shown good audiometric results and low complication rates. Aim: To describe the clinical experience in our Unit, with bilateral and unilateral surgeries in patients with Otosclerosis. Methods: A retrospective study on clinical charts revision. Results: 415 patients underwent surgery for Otosclerosis. 359 patients had a unilateral procedure and 56 patients had a bilateral surgery (13,5 percent). Mostly women (67,9 percent). There was no difference between the results of both ears. The Average air-conductive hearing improvement in the first surgery was 29,9 +/- 3,4 dB, and in the second surgery was 30,6 +/- 3,4 dB. The most frequent complication was the section of the chorda tympani (2 percent). Discussion: The surgical treatment for Otosclerosis is a safe procedure with excellent audiometrical results and low complication rates. Our results are similar to those in literature. The number of this procedure has increased every year in our institution and we have demonstrated that surgery in both ears is safe with good results.

Manual stapedotomy still holds good in the era of laser.

Context: In the present era of stapedotomy, there is an inevitable role for laser. But the conventional technique with manual burr still has its own merits in various settings such as usage in resource poor setting in developing countries and avoidance of laser hazards. AIMS: To evaluate the audiometric outcomes after manual stapedotomy. Settings and Design: The present study was retrospective record-based study. Patients who have been diagnosed otosclerosis and those who were not willing for surgery with laser, but gave consent for manual stapedotomy were included for the study. Materials and Methods: Preoperatively, and at each subsequent post-operative follow-up visits, patients were required to undergo a pure-tone audiogram. The air-bone gaps at the end of 6 months were used for final analysis. Statistical Analysis Used: Data was analyzed with using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 12 (Chicago, IL, USA). Descriptive frequency distributions, mean, standard deviation of audiometric data were calculated. The paired t test was done to see the improvement in the air bone gap post-operatively. Results: The mean age of presentation is 32.2 years. Overall, the male:female ratio was found to be 1:1.2. Post-operative air bone closure to 15 decibels was obtained in 80% of patients. There was no significant correlation between the pre-operative hearing loss and post-operative gain, age, and gender of distribution of focus. Conclusions: The post-operative hearing after stapedotomy has been remarkable in all the patients even with manual burr. There were no major vestibular complications in any of these patients. The study has shown that the significant post-operative hearing results can be still achieved with meticulous surgery by an experienced surgeon with manual burr in the present laser era.

Role of ecochg in identification and management of endolymphatic hydrops in stapedial and cochlear otosclerosis

Otosclerosis is accompanied with vestibular symptoms in many cases. In 1968 black et al, discovered the co existence of endolymphatic hydrops with Otosclerosis. Many researchers tried to find out correlation between air conduction thresholds and endolymphatic potentials [Gibson and Arenberg,1997; soliman et al, 1999], but few research work tried to find out such a correlation with bone conduction thresholds. This research work was designed to study changes in endolymphatic potentials in conductive and mixed hearing loss associating vertigo in otosclerotic patients. Moreover, to correlate between the bone conduction thresholds and the electrocochleographic potentials ratio in both groups. 40 patients diagnosed as having Otosclerosis were included in the current study 20 patients with Conductive hearing loss and complaining of vertigo [GC]. 20 patients with mixed hearing loss and complaining of vertigo [GM] with 20 normal subjects acted as a control group [GN]. Results of the current study showed a high incidence of endolymphatic hydrops in patients with Otosclerosis. In spite of the increased incidence of endolymphatic hydrops in patients with cochlear Otosclerosis, than in patients with purely stapedial Otosclerosis, no statistically significant difference could be reached. Moreover, no direct correlation could be elicited between bone conduction thresholds and SP/AP amplitude ratio in either group

Resultados da cirurgia para otospongiose com dois tipos de prótese em procedimentos realizados por residentes / Results of stapes surgery for otosclerosis with two kinds of prothesis in residency training

A cirurgia do estapédio é um dos tratamentos indicados para a melhora da surdez condutiva secundária à otospongiose. O procedimento requer habilidade e experiência do cirurgião e faz parte do treinamento durante a residência médica. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar qual tipo de prótese (teflon ou mista de metal e aço) apresenta melhores os resultados auditivos em cirurgias realizadas por residentes e a incidência de complicações. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Foram avaliadas retrospectivamente 189 intervenções cirúrgicas que tiveram participação ativa de residentes, comparando-se os dois tipos de prótese utilizados. Os resultados audiométricos foram analisados conforme orientação do Committee on Hearing and Equilibrium e segundo o Amsterdam Hearing Evaluation Plots. RESULTADOS: O gap aéreo-ósseo diminuiu em média 21,90 dB (p<0,05) após o procedimento cirúrgico no grupo da prótese de teflon e 21,37 dB (p<0,05) no grupo da prótese mista, sendo o ganho do IRF de 22,33 e 26,10 dB (p<0,05), e o gap aéreo-ósseo foi inferior a 20 dB em 80,6 por cento e 85,04 por cento, respectivamente. CONCLUSÕES: Não evidenciamos diferenças no resultado audiométrico e na incidência de complicações quando comparamos o tipo de prótese utilizada. Acreditamos ser válida a execução desse procedimento em serviços de treinamento de médicos residentes, independente do tipo de prótese.

Stapes surgery is one of the approaches indicated to treat conductive hearing loss secondary to otosclerosis. The procedures requires skill and experience from the surgeon and is part of medical residency training. AIMS: To assess which type of prosthesis (Teflon or metal/steel) presents the best results in surgeries performed by residents and the incidence of complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: we retrospectively assessed 189 interventions that counted on the active participation of resident physicians, and we compared the two types of prosthesis used. Audiometric results were analyzed following the guidelines from the Committee on Hearing and Equilibrium and also according to the Amsterdam Hearing Evaluation Plots. RESULTS: Bone-air gap reduced in an average value of 21.90 dB (p<0.05) after the surgery in the group that received the Teflon prosthesis and 21.37 dB (p<0.05) in the group that received the mixed prosthesis, and gain in SRI was of 22.33 and 26.10 dB (p<0.05), and the air-bone gap was below 20 dB in 80.6 percent and 85.04 percent, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We did not see differences in the audiometry and in the incidence of complications when we compared the type of prosthesis used. We believe it is valid to continue teaching this procedure in medical residency training programs, regardless of the type of prosthesis.

Cirurgia do estapédio na residência: experiência do Hospital de Clínicas/UFPR / Stapes surgery in residency: the ufpr clinical hospital experience

A cirurgia do estapédio permanece como tratamento consagrado para a otosclerose. Recentes publicações têm demonstrado que o sucesso cirúrgico nas cirurgias realizadas por médicos residentes tem diminuído e que os resultados audiológicos tem sido piores que os obtidos por cirurgiões experientes. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a experiência do serviço de otorrinolaringologia do Hospital de Clínicas/UFPR na realização de cirurgias do estapédio no programa de residência médica. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Estudo retrospectivo de 114 cirurgias do estapédio realizadas nos últimos 9 anos, em 96 pacientes. Os resultados audiométricos foram analisados conforme orientação do Committee on Hearing and Equilibrium e através do Amsterdam Hearing Evaluation Plots, considerando a melhora do gap pós-operatório e de limiares da via aérea. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 96 pacientes, na maioria adultos, do sexo feminino (67,7 por cento) e caucasianos (93,7 por cento). Em 50,9 por cento dos casos foi realizada estapedectomia, sendo a grande maioria sob anestesia local e sedação (96,5 por cento) e utilizando principalmente a prótese de Teflon (37,7 por cento). A taxa de sucesso cirúrgico foi de 50,88 por cento, com 11,4 por cento de complicações. CONCLUSÃO: Os ganhos de audição pós-operatórios considerados como sucesso cirúrgico foram inferiores aos publicados na literatura por cirurgiões experientes.

Surgery of the stapedius remains the established treatment for otosclerosis. Recent publications have showed that success in surgeries done by residents have decreased and hearing results are worse than those obtained by experienced otologic surgeons. AIM: To evaluate the experience of the otorhinolaryngology unit, Parana University, relative to stapes surgery done in the residency training program. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A retrospective study of 114 stapes surgeries done in the past 9 years in 96 patients. Audiometric results were analysed according to the Commitee on Hearing and Equilibrium guidelines and the Amsterdam Hearing Evaluation Plots. The improvement of the airway postoperative gap and thresholds were taken into account. RESULTS: 96 patients were included, most of them female adults (67.7 percent) and white (93.7 percent). Stapedectomy was done in 50.9 percent of cases, mostly under local anesthesia and sedation (96.5 percent), using mostly the Teflon prothesis (37.7 percent). The surgical success rate was 50.88 percent, there was an 11.4 percent complication rate. CONCLUSION: Postoperative hearing gains considered as surgical success were inferior to published results in the literature, done by experienced surgeons.

Results of CO2 laser stapedotomy with Teflon piston prosthesis and autologous blood seal.

OBJECTIVE: To study the hearing results and complications in otosclerotic patients who underwent Carbon dioxide (CO2) laser stapedotomy using Teflon piston prosthesis and autologous blood seal. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The charts of all primary CO2 laser stapedotomy procedures performed at Bangkok Metropolitan Administration Medical College and Vajira Hospital between 1997 and 2005 were reviewed. Patients who used Teflon piston prosthesis and autologous blood seal and had follow-up data of more than one year were selected for inclusion in the study. Any patients who underwent CO2 laser stapedotomy for diseases other than otosclerosis or those with inadequate postoperative data were excluded. The hearing results from preoperative and postoperative (most recent follow-up) periods were analyzed using closure of air-bone gaps and postoperative sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) at pure-tone average (PTA) and different frequencies. Major complications were recorded. RESULTS: The present review yielded 73 primary CO2 laser stapedotomy procedures performed between 1997 and 2005, and 36 patients who underwent 40 CO2 laser stapedotomies met the criteria for analysis. The hearing outcomes were followed for an average of 22 months. The average preoperative and postoperative PTA air-bone gaps were 32.7 and 7.5 dB, respectively. The rate of patients who had postoperative PTA air-bone gaps within 10 dB was 77.5% and within 15 dB was 95%. There was a significant closure of air-bone gaps at PTA and at all frequencies (the frequencies from 0.5 to 4 kHz) and the closures of air-bone gaps at 0.5, 1, and 2 kHz were statistically better than at 4 kHz. The overall rate of postoperative SNHL was 7.5% at high pure-tone bone conduction average. There were no major postoperative complications. CONCLUSION: CO2 laser stapedotomy with Teflon piston prosthesis and autologous blood seal is a safe and effective treatment for otosclerosis. The procedure provides acceptable hearing results and gives the more air-bone gap closure at the low and mid frequency ranges without significant postoperative SNHL and other serious complications.

Tratamento cirúrgico da otosclerose na residência médica / Surgical treatment of otosclerosis in medical residency training

A proporção de pacientes com otosclerose estapediana em relação ao número de otorrinolaringologistas tem diminuído nos últimos anos. Questiona-se se a cirurgia de tratamento da otosclerose deve ou não continuar sendo ensinada para residentes. OBJETIVO: Avaliar os resultados e complicações das estapedotomias realizadas por residentes no período de janeiro de 1997 a janeiro de 2000; verificar a inclusão da estapedotomia no programa de residência médica. FORMA DE ESTUDO: Estudo de coorte histórica longitudinal. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Avaliados 50 prontuários de pacientes submetidos a um total de 51 estapedotomias quanto às complicações e resultados audiológicos. RESULTADOS: Fechamento do gap aéreo-ósseo para menor ou igual a 10dB NA em 70,5 por cento das orelhas e menor ou igual a 20 dB NA em 86,3 por cento das orelhas. Ocorreu 1 caso de surdez total. Complicações: subluxação da bigorna (7,8 por cento), perfuração da membrana timpânica (5,8 por cento), vertigem incapacitante que se resolveu dentro de 3 semanas (5,8 por cento), otorréia (3,9 por cento), platina flutuante (1,95) e fístula perilinfática (1,9 por cento). CONCLUSÃO: A análise da literatura e os resultados e complicações obtidos neste estudo permitem concluir que a estapedotomia pode ser incluída no programa de residência médica, desde que haja disponibilidade de casos cirúrgicos para o treinamento dos residentes.

The number of patients with stapes otosclerosis compared to the number of otorhinolaryngologists has declined over the past several years. As a result a controversy has arisen in the literature, whether or not stapes surgery should be included in residency programs. AIM: the objective of the present study is to evaluate the results and complications of estapedotomies performed by residents between January, 1997 and January, 2000, and consequently study the feasibility of including estapedotomies in residency programs. STUD DESIGN: retrospective review of prospectively collected audiometric data. MATERIALS AND METHODS: fifty charts of patients that were submitted to a total of 51 primary stapedotomies were reviewed mainly for complications and audiological results. RESULTS: there was closure of the air-bone gap within 10 dB HL in 70.5 percent of ears and closure to within 20 dB HL in 86.3 percent of ears. There was one ear with total hearing loss (2 percent). CONCLUSION: From the results and complications seen in the present study, and analyzing papers from the literature, it is possible to conclude that stapedotomy is a procedure that can be included in residency programs, if there are surgical cases for the residents.

Resultados auditivos de estapedostomías en platinas complicadas / Hearing results on stapedostomies in complicated platens

La estapedostomía es una alternativa de tratamiento quirúrgico de la otoesclerosis altamente eficaz y con resultados estables a largo plazo. Uno de los factores que puede condicionar una peor ganancia auditiva postoperatoria es la presencia de alteraciones significativas en la platina del estribo. Se incluyen en este estudio pacientes con otoesclerosis que fueron sometidos a estapedostomía entre los años 2000 a 2005 y en los cuales se constató la presencia de platina obliterada o flotante. Se compararon los valores auditivos pre y postoperatorios con un grupo de referencia constituido por pacientes sometidos a estapedostomía en el mismo período con platina azul. Se incluyeron 14 pacientes, sin diferencias en edad y género con respecto a los controles. No existieron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos en cuanto a umbrales de vía ósea, aérea ni diferencia óseo-aérea. No se presentaron complicaciones en esta serie. Estos resultados demuestran que una técnica quirúrgica apropiada, junto a la experiencia del equipo quirúrgico hacen de la estapedostomía una alternativa exitosa en este tipo de pacientes.